The cultivation of apples in replanted orchards is essential given limitations in land resources.However,the presence of Fusarium and phenolic acids in the replanted soil harms the soil environment,which impedes the sustainable development of the apple industry.In this study,earthworm was used as the fermentation precursor protein to optimize the fermentation conditions,and the inhibition mechanism of the fermentation product on Fusarium and its potential to repair the apple replant soil environment were explored.Laboratory experiments showed that the optimum initial pH,temperature and time of earthworm fermentation were 7,37℃ and 10 d,respectively.The inhibition rates of earthworm fermentation products against F.oxysporum,F.solani,F.proliferatum,and F.moniliforme were 79.8%,75.1%,78.7%and 79.2%,respectively.The inhibition rates of spore germination on F.oxysporum,F.solani,F.proliferatum,and F.moniliforme were 83.8%,87.3%,83.2%and84.8%,respectively.In the field,use 300 mL of earthworm fermentation products for each planting pits before planting.The experimental results showed that,compared with the control,the content of soil pathogenic Fusarium and phenolic acid in Wantou(W3)were decreased by75.1%and 59.8%,respectively,after treatment with earthworm fermentation products in 2019.Soil urease,phosphatase,sucrase and catalase activities increased by 383.2%,78.2%,130.3%and 43.5%,respectively.The fruit weight,anthocyanin content,soluble sugar,sugar-acid ratio,total ester ratio,total ester concentration and yield increased by 80.7%,60.6%,25.6%,50.3%,19.7%,262.4%and 193.5%,respectively,while titratable acid content decreased by 16.9%.In conclusion,earthworm fermentation products can be used as a sustainable amendment to control apple replant disease.
This review compiles information from the literature on the chemical composition,pharmacological effects,and molecular mechanisms of earthworm extract(EE)and suggests possibilities for clinical translation of EE.We also consider future trends and concerns in this domain.We summarize the bioactive components of EE,including G-90,lysenin,lumbrokinase,antimicrobial peptides,earthworm serine protease(ESP),and polyphenols,and detail the antitumor,antithrombotic,antiviral,antibacterial,anti-i nflammatory,analgesic,antioxidant,wound-healing,antifibrotic,and hypoglycemic activities and mechanisms of action of EE based on existing in vitro and in vivo studies.We further propose the potential of EE for clinical translation in anticancer and lipid-modifying therapies,and its promise as source of a novel agent for wound healing and resistance to antibiotic tolerance.The earthworm enzyme lumbrokinase embodies highly effective anticoagulant and thrombolytic properties and has the advantage of not causing bleeding phenomena due to hyperfibrinolysis.Its antifibrotic properties can reduce the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix.The glycolipoprotein extract G-90 can effectively scavenge reactive oxygen groups and protect cellular tissues from oxidative damage.Earthworms have evolved a well-developed defense mechanism to fight against microbial infections,and the bioactive agents in EE have shown good antibacterial,fungal,and viral properties in in vitro and in vivo experiments and can alleviate inflammatory responses caused by infections,effectively reducing pain.Recent studies have also highlighted the role of EE in lowering blood glucose.EE shows high medicinal value and is expected to be a source of many bioactive compounds.
Zihan ZhuXinyi DengWenqing XieHengzhen LiYusheng LiZhenhan Deng
Arsenic characteristics in earthworms and soils across 47 sites in China were studied.Earthworm tissues showed lower arsenic levels than surrounding soils.Higher arsenite to arsenate ratio was observed in earthworm tissues.Positive correlation of arsenic levels in earthworm tissues with soil nitrate.The total arsenic(As)and As species of earthworm body tissues and surrounding soils were investigated in 47 locations(16 forested lands and 31 agricultural lands)at a national scale across China using inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometer(ICP-MS)and high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer(HPLC-ICP-MS).Earthworm body tissues had an average total As concentration of 6.21 mg kg^(−1),significantly lower than the soil As concentration of 12.99 mg kg^(−1).The ratio of arsenite to arsenate(As^(Ⅲ)/As^(Ⅴ) ratio)in earthworm body tissues(67%)was significantly higher compared to that in surrounding soils(19%).HPLC-ICP-MS analysis detected small amounts of organic As forms,such as arsenobetaine(2.9%),dimethylarsinic acid(1%),and monomethylarsonic acid(0.3%),mainly in earthworm tissues from certain locations.The total As content and As^(Ⅲ)/As^(Ⅴ) ratio in earthworm tissues exhibited a strong positive correlation with soil NO_(3)−content.This field study enhances our understanding of As concentration and speciation in earthworm body tissues across China,contributing valuable insights into the biogeochemical cycle of As and its biological risks in diverse soil ecosystems.These findings provide crucial evidence for policymakers to formulate strategies addressing and mitigating soil As pollution and associated health risks.
An YangDong ZhuTingting ZhuBowen LiuHongtao WangYuanhu ShaoWeixin ZhangYulong WangShenglei Fu
