利用欧洲中期天气预报中心ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting)20世纪第一代再分析资料ERA-20C(the ECMWF twentieth century reanalysis)对东亚、北非2个典型干旱半干旱区1900-2010年边界层高度变化及其与气象要素变化之间联系进行了研究,结果表明:(1)两个地区的边界层高度在整体变化、年际变化以及年代际变化中基本呈现出相反的变化趋势,整体趋势中东亚为显著上升趋势,气候倾向率为1.87 m/10a,北非为显著下降趋势,气候倾向率为-2.13 m/10a;在11个年代里,有8个年代的变化呈相反趋势。(2)干旱半干旱区边界层高度的变化均与地气温差、相对湿度、风速的变化有一定联系,其中相对湿度与边界层高度的变化最为紧密,在两个地区均为显著性的负相关,相关系数分别为-0.778 4、-0.618 4。
The formation and development of typhoons are closely related to the disturbed low vortexes at the planetary boundary layer(PBL). The effects of five PBL parameterization schemes(PBL schemes hereinafter) on the trajectory,intensity, and distribution of physical quantities are studied using the mesoscale WRF model on Super Typhoon Sanba(2012) during its initial stage. Results show that the five PBL schemes exhibit significant different effects on the simulated intensity and path. The results simulated by QNSE and ACM2 without the Bogus method are close to the best track data in the numerical experiments. When the Bogus method is adopted, the simulated trajectories improve significantly because the initial field is close to the true data. Among the five PBL schemes, QNSE and ACM2 with the Bogus method present improved simulated path and intensity compared with the three other schemes. This finding indicates that the two schemes deal with the initial PBL process satisfactorily, especially in the formation and development of disturbed low vortexes. The differences in the treatment methods of the five PBL schemes affect the surface layer physical quantities and the middle and upper atmospheres during the middle to late periods of the typhoon.Although QNSE and ACM2 present better simulation results than other schemes, they exhibit a few differences in the internal structure of the typhoon. The results simulated by MYJ are worse, and this method may be unsuitable for studying the formation and development of typhoons.
Using a state-of-the-art chemistry-climate model, we analyzed the atmospheric responses to increases in sea surface temperature(SST). The results showed that increases in SST and the SST meridional gradient could intensify the subtropical westerly jets and significantly weaken the northern polar vortex. In the model runs, global uniform SST increases produced a more significant impact on the southern stratosphere than the northern stratosphere, while SST gradient increases produced a more significant impact on the northern stratosphere. The asymmetric responses of the northern and southern polar stratosphere to SST meridional gradient changes were found to be mainly due to different wave properties and transmissions in the northern and southern atmosphere. Although SST increases may give rise to stronger waves, the results showed that the effect of SST increases on the vertical propagation of tropospheric waves into the stratosphere will vary with height and latitude and be sensitive to SST meridional gradient changes. Both uniform and non-uniform SST increases accelerated the large-scale Brewer–Dobson circulation(BDC), but the gradient increases of SST between 60°S and 60°N resulted in younger mean age-of-air in the stratosphere and a larger increase in tropical upwelling, with a much higher tropopause than from a global uniform 1.0 K SST increase.
HU DingzhuTIAN WenshouXIE FeiSHU JianchuanSandip DHOMSE
