A conduction heat transfer process is enhanced by filling prescribed quantity and optimized-shaped high thermal conductivity materials to the substrate. Numerical simulations and analyses are performed on a volume to point conduction problem based on the principle of minimum entropy generation. In the optimization, the arrangement of high thermal conductivity materials is variable, the quantity of high thermal-conductivity material is constrained, and the objective is to obtain the maximum heat conduction rate as the entropy is the minimum.A novel algorithm of thermal conductivity discretization is proposed based on large quantity of calculations.Compared with other algorithms in literature, the average temperature in the substrate by the new algorithm is lower, while the highest temperature in the substrate is in a reasonable range. Thus the new algorithm is feasible. The optimization of volume to point heat conduction is carried out in a rectangular model with radiation boundary condition and constant surface temperature boundary condition. The results demonstrate that the algorithm of thermal conductivity discretization is applicable for volume to point heat conduction problems.
基于新型高温高压喷雾闪蒸实验台,以水为工质,研究初始条件和运行条件对闪蒸蒸发特性的影响。首次将液体初始温度提高至100℃以上,将闪蒸罐运行压力保持为正压,并使用具有独特双S形叶片的涡旋实心锥喷嘴,将液体向上或向下喷入闪蒸罐。实验过程中液体初始温度为135-150℃,闪蒸压力分别为121、126、131、136、141、146 k Pa,液体过热度为30-46℃。实验结果表明,闪蒸蒸汽流量随初始温度的提高而增大,随闪蒸压力的提高而减小。液体向下喷射比向上喷射产汽量更高,蒸汽带水更少。闪蒸效率随过热度呈线性增长,在大量实验数据基础上拟合出二者之间的经验公式。实验结果为高温高压喷雾闪蒸的工业应用提供借鉴。
The characteristics of flow and heat transfer of shell-and-tube heat exchangers with overlapped helical baffles (STHXsHB) were illustrated through a theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The ideal helical flow model was constructed to demonstrate parts of the flow characteristics of the STHXsHB, providing theoretical evidence of short-circuit and back flows in a triangular zone. The numerical simulation was adopted to describe the characteristics of helical, leakage, and bypass streams. In a fully developed section, the distribution of velocity and wall heat transfer coefficient has a similar trend, which presents the effect of leakage and bypass streams. The short-circuit flow accelerates the axial velocity of the flow through the triangular zone. Moreover, the back flow enhances the local heat transfer and causes the ascent of flow resistance. This study shows the detailed features of helical flow in STHXsHB, which can inspire a reasonable optimization on the shell-side structure.
A novel cross-flow heat exchanger with a rotated aligned tube bank is designed and utilized in a cement plant. The heat exchanger is numerically modeled with various tube pitches in order to obtain correlations of the shell-side average Nusselt number and friction factor. Then, a multi-objective optimization approach is performed based on the genetic algorithm. The goal of this study is to maximize the heat transfer rate and minimize the pressure drop. Pareto optimal solutions are obtained, which indicate that the increase in the heat transfer rate leads to an increase in pressure drop, and vice versa. In addition, heat exchanger effectiveness, total cost, and the ratio of the heat transfer rate to the fan/pumping power demonstrate different variations with the two objective functions. Several selection criteria are discussed to determine the optimal design and to help designers select an appropriate solution based on actual requirements. Two multi-objective optimization design schemes are compared to the original design under the same heat transfer rate. Results show that pressure drop decreases by 67.9% and 69.7%, respectively,and total annual cost decreases by 2.4% and 16.3%, respectively.
