Subject to the diffraction limit, the resolution of conventional optical microscopy is constrained to about 200 and 500 nm in the lateral and axial planes, respectively. The advantage of optical microscopy in the life sciences over electronic microscopy, especially fluorescence microscopy, drives scientists to develop novel "hacks" to reach nanoscale resolutions by optical means. In this review, three aspects of the techniques are discussed: (1) lateral super-resolution; (2) axial super-resolution; (3) super-resolution in three dimensions. The principles of how the methods achieve the cross-barrier resolution are discussed, and recent advances in current techniques are described. With these methods, the use of fluorescence microscopy is growing quickly toward a new era: fluorescence nanoscopy that will reveal 2 orders of magnitude more information on cellular structure and dynamics.
目的:探讨幽门螺旋杆菌细胞毒素相关基因A(cytotoxin associated gene A,CagA)与胃黏膜中TET2(ten-eleventranslocation 2)蛋白表达的关系,以及TET2在CagA致癌过程中可能的作用。方法:Real-time PCR检测人胃黏膜上皮细胞株GES-1和胃癌细胞株MGC-803中TET2 mRNA的表达水平,细胞免疫染色法检测TET2蛋白的细胞定位及表达。将pEGFP-CagA通过脂质体介导转染GES-1细胞,用200μmol/L H2O2处理GES-1细胞建立氧化应激模型,流式细胞仪检测细胞中活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和细胞周期的变化。结果:TET2 mRNA在GES-1细胞的表达水平低于胃癌MGC-803细胞(1.00±0.08 vs 1.68±0.07,P<0.05),TET2蛋白在GES-1细胞表达水平低于胃癌MGC-803细胞(8.09±3.57 vs14.60±2.31,P<0.05)。与阴性对照组pEGFP-N1相比,pEGFP-CagA转染组GES-1细胞中TET2 mRNA表达水平升高(1.00±0.04 vs 0.06±0.00,P<0.05),TET2蛋白表达水平也升高(16.45±4.40 vs 10.82±3.39,P<0.05),ROS积累水平升高(18.39±4.52 vs 15.31±4.40,P<0.05),细胞周期检测出现明显的凋亡峰。氧化应激(H2O2处理)模型中GES-1细胞与空白对照GES-1细胞相比,TET2 mRNA水平升高(1.44±0.02 vs 1.00±0.04,P<0.05),TET2蛋白表达水平增高(15.72±4.52vs 11.74±4.34,P<0.05)。结论:幽门螺旋杆菌毒力因子CagA可诱导GES-1细胞ROS增高和细胞周期的失衡,氧化应激可以诱导TET2表达上调,TET2可能参与CagA的致癌过程。
