With the development of ski-jump energy dissipation for high and large discharge among the hydraulic projects,the effects of characteristics of water flow on energy dissipation are increasingly important.In the present study,the effects of aeration and the initial water thickness on axial velocity attenuation of jet flow were analyzed,using variance analysis and numerical calculated methods.From the analysis of test data,both of the air concentration and initial water thickness are sensitive factors for the axial velocity attenuation of jet flow along the axial way,and there is no significant interaction effect between the aeration and initial water thickness.Aeration has a more significant effect on the axial velocity attenuation of jet flow.Decreasing the initial water thickness of jet flow can reduce the length of jet core,and make the initial position of axial velocity attenuation closer to the nozzle exit.The numerical calculation results show that aeration can contribute to the enhancement of entrainment ability of jet flow,which may improve the interaction between jet flow and surroundings.For ski-jump energy dissipation among the hydraulic projects,combining aeration with decreasing initial water thickness of jet flow is an effective way to enhance the rate of axial velocity attenuation.
The experimental studies of the flaring gate pier applied on the surface spillway in a high-arch dam show that a shock-wave will appear when the pattern of the flow is kept as super-critical. Meanwhile, the water depth at the outlet increases significantly, the flow moves downward in different directions, and the plunging jet is in a narrow and long shape, with a full longitudinal diffusion. In addition, the variation of the flaring gate pier design parameters affects little the discharge capacity of the surface spillway, these parameters including the contraction ratio fl, the contraction angle c~ and the spillway chute angle O. The pressure on the bottom of the spillway increases along the way and reaches the maximum before the outlet, and then decreases rapidly. Due to the flow impacting, the pressure on both sidewalls increases abruptly at the turning line of the flaring gate pier. To see the characteristics of the flow in the flaring gate pier, a simple calculation method is suggested based on the conversation of energy and mass, and the calculation methods for the jet trajectory and the horizontal length in air are also proposed. The results are found in good agreement with experimental data.
