Serum creatinine and urine output is not sensitive for early detection and degree evaluation of acute kidney injury(AKI).Recently,triggered by high-throughput genomics and proteomics,identification of disease-related proteins has been revolutionized.The proposed biomarkers of AKI,such as kidney injury molecule(KIM-1),neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin(NGAL),interleukin-18(IL-18),sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 3(NHE3),spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase(SAT),and so on,are involved in various pathological processes,including immunity,cell structure,cell-cycle and signal transduction.More clinical and experimental investigations are needed to identify more biomarkers which are useful for early diagnosis of AKI.
