近年来,肿瘤浸润性B淋巴细胞(tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes,TIL-B)在肿瘤的发生和发展中扮演着复杂且重要的角色。这些细胞通过多种机制参与抗肿瘤免疫反应,但同时也可能在特定刺激下获得抑制功能,转化为调节性B细胞(regulatory B cells,Bregs),进而抑制肿瘤免疫应答,促进肿瘤的进展。越来越多的证据表明,TIL-B不仅是抗肿瘤免疫治疗中有效的靶标,而且在疾病预后方面也具有重要作用。本文综述了TIL-B研究现状,总结了其在肿瘤免疫中的作用机制,分析了当前的治疗策略和预后评估方法,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。通过深入理解TIL-B的复杂性,可以为开发新的肿瘤治疗策略提供理论基础和潜在靶点。
GSPT2 (G1 to S phase transition protein 2) has emerged as a critical regulator of the cell cycle and has garnered increased attention for its role in tumor biology in recent years. This review explores the multifaceted functions of GSPT2, highlighting its involvement in cell cycle regulation and signaling pathways, as well as its potential as a tumor biomarker. By analyzing the latest research findings, we examine the expression patterns of GSPT2 across various tumor types and its correlation with clinical outcomes, underscoring its significance in tumor initiation and progression. Furthermore, we discuss the prospects of GSPT2 as a therapeutic target, providing new insights for future research directions.
Liver cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide,and precise diagnostic tools are essential for effective treatment planning.Liver Tumors(LTs)vary significantly in size,shape,and location,and can present with tissues of similar intensities,making automatically segmenting and classifying LTs from abdominal tomography images crucial and challenging.This review examines recent advancements in Liver Segmentation(LS)and Tumor Segmentation(TS)algorithms,highlighting their strengths and limitations regarding precision,automation,and resilience.Performance metrics are utilized to assess key detection algorithms and analytical methods,emphasizing their effectiveness and relevance in clinical contexts.The review also addresses ongoing challenges in liver tumor segmentation and identification,such as managing high variability in patient data and ensuring robustness across different imaging conditions.It suggests directions for future research,with insights into technological advancements that can enhance surgical planning and diagnostic accuracy by comparing popular methods.This paper contributes to a comprehensive understanding of current liver tumor detection techniques,provides a roadmap for future innovations,and improves diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes for liver cancer by integrating recent progress with remaining challenges.
Early diagnosis and accurate boundary delineation are the key steps of tumor precision medicine.Circulating tumor cells(CTCs)detection of liquid biopsy can provide abundant information for early diagnosis of cancer.High detection specificity and good enrichment features are two key factors for CTCs accurate identification in peripheral blood sample.For this purpose,iron oxide(IO)-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)bioprobes with good biocompatibility,high detection sensitivity,remarkable detection specificity,and good enrichment efficiency,were developed for detecting different types of CTCs.Magnetic SERS bioprobes combined with programmed death ligand-1(PD-L1)antibody are regarded as an effective way to boost the targeting ability and detection specificity,benefiting for accurately capturing and identifying rare CTCs.Four types of CTCs with different PD-L1 expression were accurately distinguished among white blood cells via high-resolution SERS mapping images and stable Raman signals.Subsequently,CTCs blood samples obtained from the triple negative breast cancer patients were also successfully recognized compared to that of health people,indicating IO@AR@PDA-a PD-L1 SERS bioprobe possessed great potential for CTCs detection in liquid biopsy.Additionally,IO-based bioprobe exhibited excellent dual-modal imaging abilities of high-resolution SERS imaging mode and microimaging magnetic resonance imaging mode.These two highly complementary imaging modes endowed IO-based bioprobes unrivalled capacity in tumor boundary differentiation,supporting tumor accurate resection and precise surgery.To our best knowledge,this is the first time that biocompatible IO-based SERS bioprobes without noble metal element were reported not only for CTCs accurate detection,but also for precise tumor boundary delineation,showing great advantages in tumor diagnosis and treatment.
Exosomes,extracellular vesicles originating from endosomes,were discovered in the late 1980s and their function in intercellular communication has since garnered considerable interest.Exosomes are lipid bilayer-coated vesicles that range in size from 30 to 150 nm and appear as sacs under the electron microscope.Exosome secretion is crucial for cell-to-cell contact in both normal physiology and the development and spread of tumors.Furthermore,cancer cells can secrete more exosomes than normal cells.Scientists believe that intercellular communication in the complex tissue environment of the human body is an important reason for cancer cell invasion and metastasis.For example,some particles containing regulatory molecules are secreted in the tumor microenvironment,including exosomes.Then the contents of exosomes can be released by donor cells into the environment and interact with recipient cells to promote the migration and invasion of tumor cells.Therefore,in this review,we summarized the biogenesis of exosome,as well as exosome cargo and related roles.More importantly,this review introduces and discusses the factors that have been reported to affect exosome secretion in tumors and highlights the important role of exosomes in tumors.
